IDBI Bank Executive Exam 2009--Reasoning

IDBI Bank Executive Exam., 2009

Reasoning : Solved Paper

(Held on 13-12-2009)

1. If ‘M’ denotes ‘+’, ‘N’ denotes ‘÷’, ‘R’ denotes ‘–’ and Q denotes ‘x’ then—
15 M 12 Q 5 R 40 N 8 = ?
(A) 70
(B) 130
(C) 45
(D) 60
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

2. How many meaningful English words can be formed using the third, fifth, ninth and eleventh letters of the word ‘COMMANDMENT’ using each letter only once ?
(A) None
(B) One
(C) Two
(D) Three
(E) More than three
Ans : (E)

3. Seema correctly remembers that she took leave after 21st October and before 27th October. Her colleague Rita took leave on 23rd October but Seema was present on that day. If 24th October was a public holiday and 26th October was Sunday, on which day in October did Seema take leave ?
(A) 22nd October
(B) 25th October
(C) 22nd or 25th October
(D) Data Inadequate
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)Directions—(Q. 4 and 5) The following questions are based on the five three letter words given below—
PUN SAD CRY FOE STY
If each of the words is rearranged in alphabetical order then—
4. If it is possible to make only one meaningful English word using each letter only once, from the first letters of each of the five words after the letters of each word are rearranged in alphabetical order, the last letter of that word is your answer. If more than one word can be formed, ‘X’ is the answer and if no such word can be formed then ‘W’ is the answer.
(A) E
(B) N
(C) X
(D) W
(E) S
Ans : (C)

5. How many words will remain unchanged even after their rearrangement in alphabetical order ?
(A) None
(B) One
(C) Two
(D) Three
(E) More than three
Ans : (C)


6. How many pairs of letters are there in the word ‘VERIFIED’ each of which has as many letters between them in the word as in the English alphabet ?
(A) None
(B) One
(C) Two
(D) Three
(E) More than three
Ans : (C)

7. The fare paying capacity of people who travel on routes connecting to small towns is very low. Most successful airlines which operate in such regions have a large number of seats.
Which of the following can be inferred from the above information ?
(A) Regional airlines are quite profitable.
(B) People from cities are increasingly travelling to small towns.
(C) Regional airlines have to charge low fares in order to be profitable.
(D) The number of people travelling from small towns to cities is massive.
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

8. If ‘A ×D’ means ‘A is the sister of D’, ‘A + D’ means ‘D is the daughter of A’ and ‘A ÷ D’ means ‘A is the mother of D’, then how will N is the aunt of M be denoted ?
(A) M + L ×N
(B) M ÷ L + N
(C) L ×N ÷ M
(D) N ×L ÷ M
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

9. M earns more than X and less than T. V earns more than M and T. R earns more than only X. Who earns the least among the five of them ?
(A) X
(B) V
(C) M
(D) Cannot be determined
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

10. The Court has stayed proceedings against the stockbroker. He can now return to the country. Which of the following can be assumed from the given information ?
(A) The stockbroker is innocent.
(B) The police cannot arrest the stockbroker.
(C) The judge has been bribed.
(D) Complaints filed against the stockbroker have been withdrawn.
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)Directions—(Q. 11–15) Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circular table, facing the centre. A sits third to the left of C and second to the right of E. B sits second to the right of D who is not an immediate neighbour of E. H sits second to the left of F. G is not an immediate neighbour of D.

11. Which of the following pairs has only one person sitting-between them, if the counting is done in clockwise direction ?
(A) F, G
(B) H, G
(C) H, C
(D) H, B
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

12. Who sits third to the right of E ?
(A) D
(B) G
(C) F
(D) B
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

13. What is the position of G with respect to A’s position ?
(A) Immediately to the right
(B) Second to the left
(C) Third to the right
(D) Third to the left
(E) Fourth to the right
Ans : (D)

14. Who sits between E and A ?
(A) F
(B) D
(C) G
(D) B
(E) None of these
Ans : (E)

15. Starting from A’s position, if all the eight are arranged in alphabetical order in clockwise direction, the seating position of how many members (excluding A) would remain unchanged ?
(A) None
(B) One
(C) Two
(D) Three
(E) Four
Ans : (A)Directions—(Q. 16–23) In each of the questions below are given four statements followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III and IV. You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.

16. Statements :
Some stoves are ovens.
All ovens are cylinders.
Some engines are stoves.
Some metals are cylinders.Conclusions :
I. Some ovens are metals
II. Some cylinders are stoves
III. Some ovens are engines
IV. No engine is a cylinder
(A) None follows
(B) Only II and IV follow
(C) Only II and III follow
(D) Only III follows
(E) Only II follows
Ans : (E)

17. Statements :
Some cars are buses.
Some buses are trains.
All airplanes are trains.
All trucks are buses.Conclusions :I. Some airplanes are trucks.
II. Some cars are trains.
III. Some trucks are airplanes.
IV. No truck is train.
(A) None follows
(B) Only II and IV follow
(C) Only III and IV follow
(D) Only I and III follow
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

18. Statements :
Some tools are hammers.
All tools are trees.
Some trees are flowers.
No hammer is flower.Conclusions :I. All hammers are tools.
II. No tool is flower.
III. Some hammers are trees.
IV. Some flowers are tools.
(A) None follows
(B) Only I and either II or IV follow
(C) Only II and IV follow
(D) Only III follows
(E) None of these
Ans : (E)

19. Statements :
Some bags are pockets.
Some pockets are trousers.
All skirts are pockets.
Some belts are bags.Conclusions :I. Some trousers are belts.
II. Some skirts are bags.
III. No trouser is belt.
IV. Some skirts are trousers.
(A) All follow
(B) Only II and IV follows
(C) Only III follows
(D) Only either I or III follows
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

20. Statements :Some cats are tigers.
All lions are cats.
Some horses are lions.
All horses are animals.Conclusions :I. Some lions are tigers.
II. No horse is tiger.
III. Some horses are cats.
IV. Some horses are tigers.
(A) None follows
(B) Only III follows
(C) Only II and IV follow
(D) Only III and either II or IV follow
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

21. Statements :
Some clocks are radios.
No radio is laptop.
Some fridges are clocks.
Some clocks are laptops.Conclusions :I. Some fridges are laptops.
II. No radio is fridge.
III. Laptops are either fridges or clocks.
IV. No laptop is fridge.
(A) Only II follows
(B) Only IV follows
(C) Only either I or IV follows
(D) Only III follows
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

22. Statements :Some notes are coins.
Some papers are plastics.
All coins are papers.
No note is cardboard.Conclusions :I. Some notes are papers.
II. Some coins are plastics.
III. No paper is cardboard.
IV. No note is plastic.
(A) Only I follows
(B) Only I and II follow
(C) Only I and III follow
(D) All follow
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

23. Statements :All stools are desks.
No desk is shelf.
All shelves are cupboards.
Some cupboards are mirrors.Conclusions :
I. No mirror is shelf.
II. No stool is shelf.
III. No cupboard is desk.
IV. No mirror is desk.
(A) None follows
(B) Only II and III follow
(C) Only II follows
(D) Only II, III and IV follow
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)Directions—(Q. 24–28) Study the following arrangement carefully and answer the questions given below—
M ? 2 D B 7 A 4 * 9 6 $ T + N 5 @ V E W # U 8 F © 3

24. How many such prime numbers are there in the given arrangement each of which is immediately followed by a symbol and preceded by a consonant ?
(A) None
(B) One
(C) Two
(D) Three
(E) More than three
Ans : (B)

25. If the places of the symbols are interchanged with those of the numbers immediately following them in the given arrangement then which of the following will be the eleventh from the right end ?
(A) V
(B) @
(C) 5
(D) N
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

26. Which of the following is the seventh letter to the left of # ?
(A) A
(B) N
(C) T
(D) B
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

27. What should come in place of the question mark (?) in the following series based on the above arrangement ?
2 7 B 4 6 9 T 5 N ?
(A) @ W E
(B) 5 E V
(C) V U #
(D) V # W
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

28. If the symbols and numbers are dropped from the given arrangement and then the letters are rearranged in alphabetical order which of the following will be the sixth from the left end ?
(A) M
(B) F
(C) N
(D) E
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)Directions—(Q. 29–33) Below in each question are given two statements (I) and (II). These statements may be either independent causes or may be effects of independent causes or a common cause. One of these statements may be the effect of the other statement. Read both the statements and then decide which of the
following answer choice correctly depicts the relationship between these two statements. Mark answer—
(A) If statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.
(B) If statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect.
(C) if both statements I and II are independent causes.
(D) if both statements I and II are effects of independent causes.
(E) if both statements I and II are effects of some common causes.

29. I. There has been mass recruitment of IT professionals by Indian IT companies
II. Many developed countries are increasingly outsourcing IT related functions to India and China.
Ans : (B)

30. I. Many farmers have given up jute cultivation as it is no longer economically viable.
II. The textile ministry has proposed a hike in the Minimum Support Price of jute.
Ans : (A)

31. I. The government is considering changes in the Land Acquisition Act.
II. Several large infrastructure development projects have been stalled due to unavailability of land.
Ans : (E)

32. I. The Government is considering the possibility of involving private sector companies in highway construction projects.
II. The implementation of many highway projects undertaken by government agencies is behind schedule in various states.
Ans : (B)

33. I. The price of aircraft fuel has risen during the past few months.
II. Many passenger airlines in India have been forced to cut their air fares by about 10 per cent.
Ans : (D)Directions—(Q. 34–40) In each question below is given a group of letters followed by four combinations of digits/symbols lettered (A), (B), (C) and (D). You have to find out which of the combinations correctly represents the group of letters based on the coding system and mark the letter of that combination as your answer. If none of the combinations correctly represents the group of letters, mark (E) i.e., ‘None of these’ as your answer.Letter :W R A P G B M U S E F T N DDigit/Symbol Codes :$ 8 ! 2 7 # 9 @ ? 5 b 4 * 6Conditions :
I. If the middle letter is a vowel, the codes for the first and the fourth letters are to be interchanged.
II. If the first two letters are consonants, the first letter is to be coded, no code may be given to the second letter and the remaining three letters are to be coded.
III. If the first letter is a vowel and the last letter is a consonant both are to be coded as the code for the consonant.

34. NEAST—
(A) ?5!*4
(B) ?5!4*
(C) 4*!5?
(D) 45!?
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

35. DAEWP—
(A) 6!5$2
(B) $!562
(C) 6!52$
(D) $265!
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

36. PEFTG—
(A) 25b42
(B) 2b4G
(C) 25b47
(D) 47b25
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

37. SMGBE—
(A) ?975#
(B) 97#5?
(C) ?97#5
(D) ?#79?
(E) None of these
Ans : (E)

38. UGREN—
(A) *785@
(B) *785*
(C) @785@
(D) @85*
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

39. RBMFN—
(A) 8#9b4
(B) b*98#
(C) 89b*
(D) 8#9b*
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

40. MUTWA—
(A) 9@$4!
(B) 94$!
(C) 94@!$
(D) 9@4$!
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)Directions-(Q. 41-50) Study the following information carefully and answer the questions which follow—

A bank is disbursing educational loans to meritorious students. Loans will be made available to applicants who possess the following criteria.
The candidate must—
I. Be a citizen of India
II. Have secured admission to a post graduate course (Masters or P. G. Diploma) offered by an Indian or foreign university in India.
III. Have secured 60 per cent marks in the entrance examination for the course.
IV. Have security (property/LIC policy) equivalent to the loan amount.
However if the applicant fulfils the above mentioned criteria except—
(1) At (II) above the case may be referred to the Loan committee.
(2) At (IV) above guarantee of a third party who has an account with the bank may be obtained.Mark answer :
(A) If the loan is to be sanctioned.
(B) If the loan is to be rejected.
(C) If the loan is to be referred to the loan committee.
(D) If guarantee from an account holder is needed.
(E) If the data provided is inadequate to take a decision.

41. Shruti has secured admission to MNV University in Chennai for a post-graduate degree in management. She obtained 65 per cent in the entrance test for the course. She has an Indian passport.
Ans : (E)

42. Milind has applied and secured admission for a post-graduate degree in advertising at MIC University Ahmedabad. He has an LIC policy equivalent to the loan amount. He secured 70 per cent in his graduation and is an Indian citizen.
Ans : (A)

43. Prakash has applied for a postgraduate course in IT and Animation which will commence from January in Kolkata. He has secured admission to the course having obtained 60 per cent in the written entrance test.
His uncle who has an account with the bank is willing to stand guarantor.
Ans : (E)

44. Anil is an Indian science graduate who has secured admission for a Masters degree in Computer Science from a prestigious Indian University. He stood first in the entrance test with 82 per cent marks. His family is willing to use their house, which is equivalent in value to the loan amount, as security. He will stay with his uncle in Dubai during the course.
Ans : (A)

45. Nikhil’s part time P.G. Diploma in Management will begin in December. He secured 65 per cent in the All India entrance exam and has secured admission to a college in Mumbai. He has requested a transfer for the
duration of the course. He has an LIC policy equivalent to the loan amount. Nikhil holds an Indian passport.
Ans : (A)

46. Maria secured 75% in the entrance exam to NVT College Pune and has obtained admission. An Indian national she has the necessary property to offer as security for the loan amount. The duration of her undergraduate degree course in Computer Applications is 3 years.
Ans : (E)

47. Deepa obtained 70 per cent in her engineering entrance exam for her Masters and has secured admission to the college of her choice. She has an LIC policy equivalent in value to the loan amount. Her interview to obtain a visa for her course in the U.S. is on November 25. She is an Indian citizen.
Ans : (A)

48. Sudhir has applied for a postgraduate degree in Pharmacy at All India Institute at New Delhi. He is an Indian citizen and having secured 60 per cent in his entrance exam, he has been granted admission. He does not have any property to use as security. His father who has an account with the bank is willing to guarantee the loan.
Ans : (D)

49. Anandi has secured admission for a P.G. Diploma in Management at a University in Allahabad with 72 per cent in the entrance examination. She has an LIC Policy amounting to the loan amount. She is an Indian citizen.
Ans : (A)

50. Ravi has obtained admission to the Indian Institute of Research at Chandigarh for a Masters in Mathematics offered only to Indian citizens. He secured 68 per cent in the entrance test. He does not have any security against the loan. However his employer who has an account with the bank is willing to guarantee the loan.
Ans : (D)

Allahabad Bank PO Exam 2010--Computers

Allahabad Bank Probationary Officers Exam., 2010
(Held on 21-2-2010) Computer Knowledge : Solved Paper

1. A………typically connects personal computers within a very limited geographical area, usually within a single building.
(A) LAN
(B) BAN
(C) TAN
(D) NAN
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

2. Computers manipulate data in many ways, and this manipulation is called—
(A) utilizing
(B) batching
(C) upgrading
(D) processing
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

3. An e-mail address typically consists of a user ID followed by the ……… sign and the name of the e-mail server that manages the user’s electronic post office box.
(A) @
(B) #
(C) &
(D) *
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

4. Software applies……, also called algorithms, to process data.
(A) arithmetic
(B) procedures
(C) objects
(D) rules
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

5. A file extension is separated from the main file name with a(n) ……, but no spaces.
(A) question mark
(B) exclamation mark
(C) underscore
(D) period
(E) None of these
Ans : (E)


6. An ad hoc query is a—
(A) pre-planned question
(B) pre-scheduled question
(C) spur-of-the-moment question
(D) question that will not return any results
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

7. A Web ……… consists of one or more Web pages located on a Web server.
(A) hub
(B) site
(C) story
(D) template
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

8. A computer ……… is a set of program instructions that can attach itself to a file, reproduce itself, and spread to other files.
(A) worm
(B) virus
(C) trojan horse
(D) phishing scam
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

9. The desktop contains small graphics called—
(A) windows
(B) logos
(C) icons
(D) pictures
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

10. C, BASIC, COBOL, and Java are examples of ……… languages.
(A) low-level
(B) computer
(C) system programming
(D) high-level
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

11. A(n)………camera is a peripheral device used to capture still images in a digital format that can be easily transferred into a computer and manipulated using graphics software.
(A) digital
(B) analog
(C) classic
(D) film
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

12. ……makes it possible for shoppers to make purchases using their computers.
(A) E-world
(B) E-commerce
(C) E-spend
(D) E-business
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

13. Networks are monitored by security personnel and supervised by ………who set(s) up accounts and passwords for authorized network users.
(A) IT managers
(B) the government
(C) network administrators
(D) password administrators
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

14. Application software is designed to accomplish—
(A) real-world tasks
(B) computer-centric tasks
(C) gaming tasks
(D) operating system tasks
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

15. A telephone number, a birth date, and a customer name are all examples of—
(A) a record
(B) data
(C) a file
(D) a database
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

16. The human-readable version of a program is called—
(A) source code
(B) program code
(C) human code
(D) system code
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

17. A ……… computer (also referred to as a laptop), is a small, lightweight personal computer that incorporates the screen, the keyboard, storage, and processing components into a single portable unit.
(A) notebook
(B) journal
(C) diary
(D) briefcase
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

18. ……… is the result produced by a computer.
(A) Data
(B) Memory
(C) Output
(D) Input
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

19. Programs such as Internet Explorer that serve as navigable windows into the Web are called—
(A) Hypertext
(B) Networks
(C) Internet
(D) Web browsers
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

20. A ……… is a device that not only provides surge protection, but also furnishes your computer with battery backup power during a power outage.
(A) surge strip
(B) USB
(C) UPS
(D) battery strip
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

21. When you save to ………, your data will remain intact even when the computer is turned off.
(A) RAM
(B) motherboard
(C) secondary storage device
(D) primary storage device
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

22. The motherboard is the—
(A) circuit board that houses peripheral devices
(B) same as the CPU chip
(C) the first chip that is accessed when the computer is turned on
(D) circuit board that contains a CPU and other chips
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

23. A computer-intensive problemruns on a—
(A) server
(B) main frame
(C) supercomputer
(D) super PC
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

24. A(n)……converts and executesone statement at a time.
(A) compiler
(B) interpreter
(C) converter
(D) instructions
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

25. The term ……… designates equipment that might be added to a computer system to enhance its functionality.
(A) digital device
(B) system add-on
(C) disk pack
(D) peripheral device
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

26. Approximately how many bytes make one megabyte ?
(A) One thousand
(B) Ten thousand
(C) One hundred
(D) One million
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

27. What is MP3 ?
(A) A mouse
(B) A Printer
(C) A Sound format
(D) A Scanner
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

28. All the deleted files go to—
(A) Recycle Bin
(B) Task Bar
(C) Tool Bar
(D) My Computer
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

29. ……… this is the act of copying or downloading a program from a network and making multiple copies of it.
(A) Network piracy
(B) Plagiarism
(C) Software piracy
(D) Site-license piracy
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

30. A directory within a directory is called—
(A) Mini Directory
(B) Junior Directory
(C) Part Directory
(D) Sub Directory
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

31. Which is the best definition of a software package ?
(A) An add-on for your computer such as additional memory
(B) A set of computer programs used for a certain function such as word processing
(C) A protection you can buy for a computer
(D) The box, manual and license agreement that accompany commercial software
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

32. In MICR, C stands for ……….
(A) Code
(B) Colour
(C) Computer
(D) Character
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

33. Fax machines and imaging systems are examples of—
(A) bar-code readers
(B) imaging systems
(C) scanning devices
(D) pen-based systems
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

34. When writing a document, you can use the ……… feature to find an appropriate word or an alternative word if you find yourself stuck for the right word.
(A) dictionary
(B) word finder
(C) encyclopedia
(D) thesaurus
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

35. Which key is used in combination with another key to perform a specific task ?
(A) Function
(B) Control
(C) Arrow
(D) Space bar
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

36. A disk’s content that is recorded at the time of manufacture and that cannot be changed or erased by the user is—
(A) read-only
(B) memory-only
(C) run-only
(D) write-only
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

37. In an information system, alphanumeric data normally takes the form of—
(A) Sentences and paragraphs
(B) Numbers and alphabetical characters
(C) Graphic shapes and figures
(D) Human voice and other sounds
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

38. A Website’s main page is called its—
(A) home page
(B) browser page
(C) search place
(D) bookmark
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

39. When installing ………, the user must copy and usually decompress program files from a CDROM or other medium to the hard disk.
(A) programming software
(B) system hardware
(C) applications hardware
(D) applications software
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

40. A collection of interrelated files in a computer is a—
(A) file manager
(B) field
(C) record
(D) database
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

41. A ……… computer is a large and expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users.
(A) server
(B) mainframe
(C) desktop
(D) tablet
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

42. The trend in computer systems is toward the use of graphical user interfaces (GUIs). In these operating systems, a trackball is described as—
(A) a roller ball which moves the cursor
(B) a pen-shaped device which allows data to be entered through the CRT screen
(C) a figure which resembles a familiar office device
(D) an outdated input device
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)

43. Various applications and documents are represented on the Windows desktop by—
(A) Symbols
(B) Labels
(C) Graphs
(D) Icons
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

44. What is usually used for displaying information at public places ?
(A) Monitors
(B) Overhead Projections
(C) Monitors and Overhead Projections
(D) Touch Screen Kiosks
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)

45. The real business and competitive value of information technology lies in—
(A) The software applications that are used by many companies
(B) The capabilities of the software and value of the information a business acquires and uses
(C) The infrastructure of hardware, networks, and other IT facilities that are commonly used by many companies
(D) The capabilities of the hardware and the speed at which it processes information
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

46. Companies use which of the following vendors to provide access to software and services rather than purchasing the applications and maintaining the applications themselves ?
(A) Open source vendors
(B) Alliances
(C) Application service providers
(D) All of the above
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

47. Which one of the following would be considered as a way that a computer virus can enter a computer system ?
(A) Opening an application previously installed on the computer
(B) Borrowed copies of software
(C) Viewing a website without causing any additional transactions
(D) Running antivirus programs
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

48. Collecting personal information and effectively posing as another individual is known as the crime of—
(A) spooling
(B) dentity theft
(C) spoofing
(D) hacking
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

49. The first step in the transaction processing cycle is—
(A) database operations
(B) audit
(C) data entry
(D) user inquiry
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)

50. In the information systems concept, the output function involves—
(A) Capturing and assembling elements that enter the system to be processed
(B) Transformation processes that convert input into output
(C) Transferring elements that have been produced by a transformation process to their ultimate destination
(D) Monitoring and evaluating feedback to determine whether a system is moving toward the achievement of its goal
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)